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                  <text>1. 蜡染 Dyeing</text>
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                <text>蜡染被面 The Batik Work</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/exhibits/show/embroidery-technique/----------batik"&gt;蜡染 Batik&lt;/a&gt;，大幅蜡染花鸟画 Large baltik drawing of flowers and birds</text>
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                <text>（简）被面绘有大幅的花鸟画，线条流畅，细节精美，栩栩如生。花鸟画的构图对称，图案亦有喜庆吉祥之寓意。此被面运用了蜡染的制作技艺。蜡染即蜡画和染色，是延续千年的民间传统工艺。用蜡液在自织的白布上精心绘上图案，然后在蓝靛缸里浸染几次后捞出，放在锅里用开水煮去蜡质，再用水清洗浮色，即呈现出各种白色图案。蜡染的工艺十分费工费时，精致图案凸显制作者十分用心，把代代相传的传统工艺发扬光大。 &#13;
&#13;
(ENG) Batik work: painted with large drawings of flowers and birds, the clean lines and exquisite details of this piece are realistic as well as artistic. Symmetrical composition of flowers and birds, with the pattern also having connotations of festivity and auspiciousness. Batik, a technique of beeswax drawing and dyeing, is usually to carefully sketch out patterns on a self-woven white cloth. The cloth is then dipped in a solution of blue indigo several times, then placed in boiling water to remove the wax-resistant dye. The batik process is very labour intensive and time consuming and is an art form that has been passed down from generation to generation. &#13;
&#13;
（繁）被面繪有大幅的花鳥畫，線條流暢，細節精美，栩栩如生。花鳥畫的構圖對稱，圖案亦有喜慶吉祥之寓意。此被面運用了蠟染的製作技藝。蠟染即蠟畫和染色，是延續千年的民間傳統工藝。用蠟液在自織的白布上精心繪上圖案，然後在藍靛缸里浸染幾次後撈出，放在鍋裡用開水煮去蠟質，再用水清洗浮色，即呈現出各種白色圖案。蠟染的工藝十分費工費時，精緻圖案凸顯製作者十分用心，把代代相傳的傳統工藝發揚光大。 </text>
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                <text>苗族 The Miao</text>
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                <text>民国 Republic of China</text>
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                <text>贵州兰妈妈多彩衣妆苗绣博物馆馆藏 Lanmama Museum Collection</text>
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                <text>贵州黔东南苗族侗族自治州丹寨县 Guizhou Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture Danzhai County</text>
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                  <text>3. 刺绣 Embroidery</text>
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                <text>大洋袋 Purse</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/exhibits/show/embroidery-technique/----------split-thread-stich"&gt;破线绣 Split-thread stitch&lt;/a&gt;，繁花纹 Blossom pattern</text>
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                <text>（简）大洋袋通体绣满了繁花纹，整体为正红色，活泼喜庆。色彩方面，花朵采用了红色调和蓝色调的丝线制作，草叶则用了紫色、青绿色和鹅黄色，使藏品色彩更丰富，再添层次感和美感。此大洋袋运用了破线绣。藏品的刺绣风格偏汉族文化，比如花草纹的设计，反映土家族在服装方面受到汉族文化的影响。由于土家族与汉族长期杂居，在不少藏品中都能发现文化相融的现象。&#13;
&#13;
(ENG) Tujia purse: mainly red with blossom patterns. It is vibrant and the colour red signifies auspiciousness. The blossoms are made with silk threads in red and blue tones, while the grass and leaves are made with purple, green and yellow threads to give a pleasing layering effect. Split line stitch is used. The embroidery style of this purse leans towards Han culture, for example in the design of the flower and grass pattern, and reflects the ways in which Tujia clothing has been influenced by Han culture. As the Tujia and Han have lived together for a long time, evidence of cultural integration can be observed across different collections. &#13;
&#13;
（繁）大洋袋通體繡滿了繁花紋，整體為正紅色，活潑喜慶。色彩方面，花朵採用了紅色調和藍色調的絲線製作，草葉則用了紫色、青綠色和鵝黃色，使藏品色彩更豐富，再添層次感和美感。此大洋袋運用了破線繡。藏品的刺繡風格偏漢族文化，比如花草紋的設計，反映土家族在服裝方面受到漢族文化的影響。由於土家族與漢族長期雜居，在不少藏品中都能發現文化相融的現象。</text>
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                <text>土家族 The Tujia</text>
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                <text>上世纪50年代 Last century 50s</text>
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                <text>贵州兰妈妈多彩衣妆苗绣博物馆馆藏 Lanmama Museum Collection</text>
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                <text>#42</text>
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                <text>贵州省铜仁市松桃县 Guizhou Tongren Songtao County</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/exhibits/show/embroidery-technique/item/54"&gt;大洋袋 Purse (#40)&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>2. 织锦 Weaving</text>
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                <text>苗族老被面 The Miao Old Jacket Trim</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/exhibits/show/embroidery-technique/----------brocade"&gt;素锦 Plain brocade&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>（简）被面主要为蓝色调，采用了不同深浅的蓝色丝线制作，佐以米色和卡其色的点缀，整体甚富层次感，朴素大方，低调而不失美感。此被面运用了素锦的制作技艺。苗族织锦是苗族人民生活中不可或缺的物品，是广泛用于制作衣服的物料，除了构图对称精美，图案丰富多变，也反映着苗族的历史和社会形态。&#13;
&#13;
(ENG) Miao jacket with trim: mainly in blue tones and made with silk threads of shades of blue. Embellished with beige and khaki colours for a layered, simplistic and elegant effect. Plain brocade is used. Brocade is a vital part of the Miao people’s lives and is commonly used on garments. Brocade features intricate and symmetrical composition and the patterns can vary greatly from piece to piece. The variety and richness of the patterns reflect the long history and social structures of the Miao people.&#13;
&#13;
（繁）被面主要為藍色調，採用了不同深淺的藍色絲線製作，佐以米色和卡其色的點綴，整體甚富層次感，樸素大方，低調而不失美感。此被面運用了素錦的製作技藝。苗族織錦是苗族人民生活中不可或缺的物品，是廣泛用於製作衣服的物料，除了構圖對稱精美，圖案豐富多變，也反映著苗族的歷史和社會形態。</text>
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                <text>苗族 The Miao</text>
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                <text>晚清 Late Qing Dynasty</text>
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                <text>贵州兰妈妈多彩衣妆苗绣博物馆馆藏 Lanmama Museum Collection</text>
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                <text>#394</text>
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                <text>贵州黔东南苗族侗族自治州黄平县谷陇镇 Guizhou Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture Huangping County Gulong Town</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/items/show/56"&gt;织锦老背面 Brocade Old Jacket Trim (#461)&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/exhibits/show/embroidery-technique/----------wrinkling-stitch"&gt;皱绣 Wrinkling stitch&lt;/a&gt;，花草龙纹 Flower, grass and dragon pattern</text>
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                <text>（简）老苗衣老苗衣整体为黑色，刺绣集中在领子、肩部和袖子，在红色底布上采用了较沉实的丝线，例如深紫色和蓝绿色，典雅大气，低调而不失美感。此老苗衣运用了辫绣。刺绣图案主要为花草植物，取材自大自然，反映了苗族人民对大自然的热爱，以及对生命的崇敬。刺绣构图饱满，对称工整，做工仔细，可见制作者之高超技艺。&#13;
&#13;
(ENG) Miao coat: mainly black with embroidery concentrated at the collar, shoulders and sleeves. Relatively dark-coloured threads including dark purple and blue-green on the red base fabric give an elegant and subdued feel to the coat. Couched braid stitch is used. The embroidery patterns are mainly flowers and grass, reflecting the Miao people’s love for the natural world and their respect for life. The embroidery is rich in composition, symmetrical and neat with a superb level of craftsmanship. &#13;
&#13;
（繁）老苗衣老苗衣整體為黑色，刺繡集中在領子、肩部和袖子，在紅色底布上採用了較沉實的絲線，例如深紫色和藍綠色，典雅大氣，低調而不失美感。此老苗衣運用了辮繡。刺繡圖案主要為花草植物，取材自大自然，反映了苗族人民對大自然的熱愛，以及對生命的崇敬。刺繡構圖飽滿，對稱工整，做工仔細，可見製作者之高超技藝。</text>
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                <text>晚清 Late Qing Dynasty</text>
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                <text>贵州兰妈妈多彩衣妆苗绣博物馆馆藏 Lanmama Museum Collection</text>
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                <text>凯里市台江县 Kaili City Taijiang County</text>
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                  <text>2. 织锦 Weaving</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/exhibits/show/embroidery-technique/----------brocade"&gt;素锦 Plain brocade&lt;/a&gt;，大的万福图纹 Big Wanfu pattern</text>
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                <text>（简）围腰主要采用了黑白两色，朴素简约，典雅大方。此围腰运用了素锦的制作技艺。织锦图案为紧密相连的大矩形，里面用大幅的万福图纹填满，构图饱满，对称工整，做工仔细。万福图纹在古代有吉祥好运的寓意，在古老的彩陶和钱币上均有发现过万福图纹，历史悠久，意涵深远。 &#13;
&#13;
(ENG) Jianhe bellyband: simple yet elegant black and white bellyband with rectangular patterns. Plain brocade is used. The adjoining rectangles are filled with Wanfu patterns. The Wanfu pattern traditionally symbolizes good luck and has been found on painted pottery and coins dating back to the ancient times.  The patterns and embroidery on this bellyband have deep meanings and a long history.&#13;
&#13;
（繁）圍腰主要採用了黑白兩色，樸素簡約，典雅大方。此圍腰運用了素錦的製作技藝。織錦圖案為緊密相連的大矩形，裡面用大幅的萬福圖紋填滿，構圖飽滿，對稱工整，做工仔細。萬福圖紋在古代有吉祥好運的寓意，在古老的彩陶和錢幣上均有發現過萬福圖紋，歷史悠久，意涵深遠。  &#13;
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                <text>晚清 Late Qing Dynasty</text>
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                <text>贵州兰妈妈多彩衣妆苗绣博物馆馆藏 Lanmama Museum Collection</text>
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                <text>凯里市剑河县南寨乡 Kaili City Jianhe County Nanzhai Village</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/exhibits/show/embroidery-technique/----------brocade"&gt;素锦 Plain brocade&lt;/a&gt;，几何纹 Geometric pattern，几何蝴蝶纹 Geometric butterfly pattern，几何花纹 Geometric flower pattern，曲折纹 Zigzag pattern，回纹 Circular-letter pattern，菱纹 Rhombic pattern</text>
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                <text>（简）织锦头帕为长形的白色织物，上面织有黑色的图纹，主要为几何图案，如几何蝴蝶纹、菱纹、曲折纹等等。此织锦头帕运用了素锦的制作技艺。藏品的独特之处在于图案设计，整张头帕都由若干小段的几何纹组合而成，每一段都用了不同的图案，饰纹丰富多样。除了可见制作者之工艺精湛，亦在织锦图案方面极富创造力。&#13;
&#13;
(ENG) Congjiang Miao brocade headscarf: a long piece of white garment with woven black patterns. The patterns are rich and varied, mainly geometric and include butterflies, rhombus and zigzag patterns. Plain brocade is used. The uniqueness of the headscarf is in its pattern design. The whole headscarf is composed of several small sections of geometric patterns, each section with a different pattern. The creator of this headscarf possessed exceptional craftsmanship and creativity in designing brocade patterns. &#13;
&#13;
（繁）織錦頭帕為長形的白色織物，上面織有黑色的圖紋，主要為幾何圖案，如幾何蝴蝶紋、菱紋、曲折紋等等。此織錦頭帕運用了素錦的製作技藝。藏品的獨特之處在於圖案設計，整張頭帕都由若干小段的幾何紋組合而成，每一段都用了不同的圖案，飾紋豐富多樣。除了可見製作者之工藝精湛，亦在織錦圖案方面極富創造力。&#13;
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                <text>贵州兰妈妈多彩衣妆苗绣博物馆馆藏 Lanmama Museum Collection</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/exhibits/show/embroidery-technique/----------counted-thread-stitc"&gt;数纱绣 Counted thread stitch&lt;/a&gt;，&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/exhibits/show/embroidery-technique/----------double-thread-chain-"&gt;双针锁绣 Double-thread chain stitch&lt;/a&gt;，挑花 Crossing stitch</text>
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                <text>（简）刺绣背带上饰有大片的深红色刺绣，红色寓意多福吉利，十分活泼欢欣。此刺绣背心运用了数纱绣 、双针锁绣和挑花。刺绣图纹由紧密排列的八边形和矩形组成，十分对称工整。几何图形内亦绣满浅橙色的绣纹，令整幅刺绣更有立体感。亻革家属于苗族的一个分支，蜡染和刺绣都特别工整细腻，喜用排列的几何纹来布局刺绣和蜡染图案，非常具有想象力和创造力。&#13;
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(ENG) Gejia baby carrying belt: decorated with large pieces of maroon embroidery. The colour red is lively and joyful, and symbolizes auspiciousness. Counted thread stitch, double-thread chain stitch and crossing stitch are used. Embroidery patterns are composed of closely arranged and symmetrically neat octagons and rectangles. Light orange patterns are also embroidered within the geometric shapes, generating a three dimensional effect. The Gejia is a branch of the Miao and are famous for their neat and delicate batik and embroidery. The Gejia use geometric patterns for their embroidery and batik with great imagination and creativity.&#13;
&#13;
（繁）刺繡背帶上飾有大片的深紅色刺繡，紅色寓意多福吉利，十分活潑歡欣。此刺繡背心運用了數紗繡 、雙針鎖繡和挑花。刺繡圖紋由緊密排列的八邊形和矩形組成，十分對稱工整。幾何圖形內亦繡滿淺橙色的繡紋，令整幅刺繡更有立體感。亻革家屬於苗族的一個分支，蠟染和刺繡都特別工整細膩，喜用排列的幾何紋來佈局刺繡和蠟染圖案，非常具有想像力和創造力。</text>
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                <text>贵州兰妈妈多彩衣妆苗绣博物馆馆藏 Lanmama Museum Collection</text>
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                <text>贵州黔东南苗族侗族自治州黄平县重安镇 Guizhou Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture Huangping County Chongan Town</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/exhibits/show/embroidery-technique/----------flat-stitch"&gt;平绣 Flat stitch&lt;/a&gt;，牡丹花 Peony pattern，蝴蝶 Butterfly pattern，锦鸡 Pheasant，鱼纹 Fish pattern，鸟纹 Bird pattern，大虾 Prawn pattern</text>
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                <text>（简）刺绣背心在深蓝色的底布上绣有大朵的牡丹花，鲜艳夺目，四周亦绣有小花、蝴蝶、鱼、鸟、大虾等图案，画面丰富而主次分明，丝毫没有喧宾夺主。此刺绣背心运用了平绣。背心的领口、袖口和下摆都饰有红色布边，并绣有金色的花草图纹，可见制作者十分留意细节，态度认真，技艺亦十分高超。&#13;
&#13;
(ENG) Child’s embroidered vest: vibrant, big and eye-catching peony embroidered on a dark blue base cloth. Surrounding the peony are richly detailed small flowers, butterflies, fish, birds and prawns. The focal point is on the peony patterns, which sit gracefully and distinctively among all the subordinate patterns without being overshadowed. Flat stitch is used. The collar, cuffs and hem of the vest are decorated with fringes of red cloth, and embroidered with golden coloured floral sketch patterns. This piece has been meticulously made with great attention to detail and reflects the highly skilled craftsmanship of its creator.&#13;
&#13;
（繁）刺繡背心在深藍色的底布上繡有大朵的牡丹花，鮮豔奪目，四周亦繡有小花、蝴蝶、魚、鳥、大蝦等圖案，畫面豐富而主次分明，絲毫沒有喧賓奪主。此刺繡背心運用了平繡。背心的領口、袖口和下擺都飾有紅色布邊，並繡有金色的花草圖紋，可見製作者十分留意細節，態度認真，技藝亦十分高超。&#13;
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                <text>上世纪50年代 Last century 50s</text>
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                <text>贵州兰妈妈多彩衣妆苗绣博物馆馆藏 Lanmama Museum Collection</text>
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                <text>贵州黔东南苗族侗族自治州台江县施洞镇 Guizhou Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture Taijiang County Shidong Town</text>
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                <text>（简）绣围腰红绿相间，绣纹工整而有序，而对比色的运用也令藏品色彩缤纷，更为活泼夺目。绣围腰上方有两条背带，下摆则饰有彩色的短流苏。此绣围腰运用了板丝绣。刺绣上有使用八角星的纹样，八角星图案是大渡口文化时期人们对宇宙世界极简概括的形象表现。这些古老的几何图案如今还常出现于苗族、侗族的织锦服饰中，让我们窥见其民族的悠久历史的深远。他们延续的生产生活方式，对继承和延续中国传统文化符号起着不容忽视的作用。 &#13;
&#13;
(ENG) Embroidered bellyband: alternating red and green with two straps at the top and a hem decorated with colourful short tassels. Flat silk stitch is used. The embroidery patterns are regularly arranged and neat. Complementary colours render this bellyband colourful, vibrant and visually striking. Flat silk stitch is used. Octagram pattern demonstrates the long history of these ethnic minorities and is the imagery of people's minimalist overview of the universe during the Dadukou culture period. People's unchanged production mode and lifestyle play an indispensable role in the continuation of traditional Chinese cultural symbols.&#13;
&#13;
（繁）繡圍腰紅綠相間，繡紋工整而有序，而對比色的運用也令藏品色彩繽紛，更為活潑奪目。繡圍腰上方有兩條背帶，下擺則飾有彩色的短流蘇。此繡圍腰運用了板絲繡。刺繡上有使用八角星的紋樣，八角星圖案是大渡口文化時期人們對宇宙世界極簡概括的形象表現。這些古老的幾何圖案如今還常出現於苗族、侗族的織錦服飾中，讓我們窺見其民族的悠久歷史的深遠。他們延續的生產生活方式，對繼承和延續中國傳統文化符號起著不容忽視的作用。 </text>
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                <text>晚清 Late Qing Dynasty</text>
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                <text>贵州兰妈妈多彩衣妆苗绣博物馆馆藏 Lanmama Museum Collection</text>
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                <text>凯里市舟溪镇 Kaili City Zhouxi Town</text>
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                  <text>3. 刺绣 Embroidery</text>
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                <text>革一绣苗衣 Geyi Embroidered Miao Coat</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/exhibits/show/embroidery-technique/----------knot-stitch"&gt;打籽绣 Knot stitch&lt;/a&gt;，&lt;a href="https://lanmama.lib.hku.hk/exhibits/show/embroidery-technique/----------stack-stitch"&gt;叠绣 Stack stitch&lt;/a&gt;，抽象的蝴蝶纹 Abstract butterfly pattern，脊宇鸟纹 Divine bird pattern，漩涡纹 Spiral pattern，卷草纹 Curling grass pattern，牡丹花 Peony pattern</text>
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                <text>（简）绣苗衣整体为深红色，佐以领子、肩部、袖子和下摆位置的刺绣。下摆亦有延长的黑色布料，上面有亮粉色、蓝色和橘色的装饰，色彩颇为丰富。此绣苗衣运用了打籽绣和叠绣。打籽绣是一种将绳打结以呈现图案立体感的手法，该藏品打的籽极其细小、圆润，在同期服饰中具有极高的工艺水平。叠绣，又称堆绣，是将上过浆的轻薄丝绫面料裁剪折叠成细三角形，堆叠于底布之上，边堆边用针线固定，组合成矩形的饰片。该件藏品的收藏价值甚高，除了极高的工艺价值，年代久远亦令藏品具极高的历史收藏价值。 &#13;
&#13;
(ENG) Geyi embroidered Miao coat: maroon colour with embroidered collar, shoulders, sleeves and hem.  Extended black fabric at the hem is colourfully decorated with bright pink, blue and orange ornaments. Knot stitch and stack stitch are used. Knot stitch is a technique of knotting thread to create three dimensional patterns. The knots on this coat are extremely small and round, displaying masterful craftsmanship. Stack stitch, also known as pile stitch, is a technique that involves cutting and folding the glued light silk fabric into thin triangles. These triangles are stacked onto the base fabric, then sewn with needle and thread to form rectangular patches. The exquisite craftsmanship of this coat makes it a highly valued part of the collection. &#13;
&#13;
（繁）繡苗衣整體為深紅色，佐以領子、肩部、袖子和下擺位置的刺繡。下擺亦有延長的黑色布料，上面有亮粉色、藍色和橘色的裝飾，色彩頗為豐富。此繡苗衣運用了打籽繡和疊繡。打籽繡是一種將繩打結以呈現圖案立體感的手法，該藏品打的籽極其細小、圓潤，在同期服飾中具有極高的工藝水平。疊繡，又稱堆繡，是將上過漿的輕薄絲綾面料裁剪折疊成細三角形，堆疊於底布之上，邊堆邊用針線固定，組合成矩形的飾片。該件藏品的收藏價值甚高，除了極高的工藝價值，年代久遠亦令藏品具極高的歷史收藏價值。 </text>
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                <text>苗族 The Miao</text>
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                <text>晚清 Late Qing Dynasty</text>
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                <text>贵州兰妈妈多彩衣妆苗绣博物馆馆藏 Lanmama Museum Collection</text>
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                <text>#7</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>贵州黔东南苗族侗族自治州台江县革一镇革一乡 Guizhou Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture Taijiang County Geyi Town Geyi Village</text>
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